What is Fixed Dose Combination Stands For?

Fixed-Dose Combination(FDC) contains two or more active ingredients combined in a fixed-dose to form a single drug.

Example- a combination of Paracetamol with Ibuprofen.
Paracetamol is an analgesic (painkiller) and antipyretic (preventing fever), while Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
This combination cures the acute pain of many types like toothache, body ache etc.
Some Fixed-Dose Combination(FDC)Drugs are marketed with licenses given only by “state regulatory agencies” rather than “Drug Controller General of India (DGCI).

Why in news?

The Drug (fixed dose combination) Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) in July 2018 has recommended banning 343 “irrational” FDCdrugs.
In 2017,SC declared the Central’s government’s decision to ban 344 FDC drugs as invalid based on the appeal filed by major pharmaceutical firms against the ban imposed in 2016 on the recommendation of the Kokate committee appointed by the Central government.

Different ingredients in the FDC contribute to the overall therapeutic effect.
Most FDC drugs have been found to be safe and effective.
FDCs involve lower manufacturing and logistics costs compared to the costs of producing separate products.
It ensures patients with low prices, convenience, adherence to the regimen, and low risk of antimicrobial resistance.
FDC drugs are being used to treat a wide range of conditions and diseases particularly diabetes, HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis which are considered to be the major health threats in the world.

FDCs could be unsafe for consumption with potential health risks since the side- effects of the combined product in FDC are different from those of its individual ingredients.
Sometimes, the combination can come with risks that are not originally existed in the individual ingredients.
When an adverse reaction occurs in a patient, it is very difficult to identify an ingredient that caused the reaction
Many studies have pointed out that many of these combinations don’t have an advantage over individual drugs.
Rampant use of FDCs in India enabled antibiotic resistance to grow at a significant rate.
Example– “ciprofloxacin-resistant – Salmonella typhi strains”, that have made typhoid treatment difficult and expensive.
Profits earned by pharmaceutical companies due to low production costs and high demand.

In 2016, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare imposed a ban on 349 FDCs mentioning that there are enough single drug alternatives that are safer and effective. The ban was based on the recommendations of the Chandrakant Kokate committee.
Pharmaceutical firms reacted to the ban by appealing to the Supreme Court. They argued that the statutory bodies on drug regulations were not consulted before the ban.
Later the Supreme Court referred the matter to the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and directed it to make a fresh review on the issue of FDC drugs.

Most of the pharmaceutical firms that manufactured FDCs had not created safety and efficacy data for their FDCs.
Around 95% of the appellants failed to prove the safety, rationality, and compatibility of these FDCs.
The usage of most FDCs leads to unnecessary overuse. Hence patients are exposed to risks associated with multiple ingredients when one would suffice actually.
India became a dumping ground for irrational FDCs that are not approved in other countries.
DTAB decided to reinforce the ban on 343 out of 349 drugs and allowed the remaining 6 FDCs with restricted usage.

The market size of the banned FDC drugs is around Rs 20-22 billion and hence the ban will adversely impact the country’s top drug-makers.
These FDCs contribute roughly to 1.8% of the overall domestic drug market.
FDC sector is already at a slower growth rate compared to the rest of the domestic drug market.
The ban only aggravates it.
These 343 FDCs are only a small portion of the FDCs that are sold in the country.
The issues of the additional 944 FDCs that were identified by the Kokate committee as being irrational are not addressed.

It is not advisable to ban each and every FDC drug considering the huge market size.
However, the rationality of FDCs in the future should be determined based on certain key aspects as follows.
- The ingredients in the combination should work by different mechanisms.
- The pharmacokinetics (effect of the drug in the body) of ingredients must not be widely different.
- FDC should not have toxins created due to a combination of ingredients.