Coalition Government Meaning Coalition – Latin term – “coalition” meaning “to grow together” ·         Politically – Coalition means an alliance of distant political parties. ·         It occurs usually in modern Parliament when no single political party can muster a majority of votes ·         Two or more parties who have enough elected members between them to

Voting Behaviour MEANING OF VOTING BEHAVIOUR Voting behaviour is also known as electoral behaviour. It is a form of political behaviour. It implies the behaviour of voters in the context of elections in a democratic political system. SIGNIFICANCE OF VOTING BEHAVIOUR The study of voting behaviour is significant for the following reasons: 1.       It helps

Luxmikant Polity Crux Notes Chapter 73 Gain a deep understanding of the intricacies of Indian polity with Luxmikant Polity Crux Notes Chapter 73. Explore essential topics and concepts in this comprehensive guide to bolster your knowledge and excel in your studies. Electoral Reforms COMMITTEES RELATED TO ELECTORAL REFORMS Various committees and commissions which have examined

  Election Laws REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950 Art 81 & 170– In India, maximum number of seats in Parliament and in Legislative Assemblies of states Article 171– Constitution of India lays down the maximum and minimum number of seats in the Legislative Council of a State, 1/03/1950, was not mentioned, hence Representation of

Elections ELECTORAL SYSTEM Articles 324 to 329 in Part XV of the Constitution make the following provisions with regard to the electoral system in our country: 1.       Constitution (Article 324) provides for an independent Election Commission – POI, V (POI), MP, MLA 2.       One general electoral roll for the Parliament and the state legislatures –

Role of regional Parties Introduction ·         Vital role in Indian politics at local, state and national level Features: 1.       Operates within a particular state/specified region – electoral base limited – single region. 2.       Articulates regional interests and identifies itself with a particular cultural, religious, linguistic or ethnic group 3.       Primarily concerned with exploiting local resources

Political Parties Political parties Voluntary association of group of individual who shares same political views and want power to gat desired goal [Const. means National Interest]. (i) Reactionary Parties (Ii) Conservative Parties Leftist, Centrist, Rightist (Iii) Liberal parties (iv) Radical parties PARTY SYSTEM IN INDIA The Indian party system has the following characteristic features: 1.         

Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes Special Provisions ·         Part XVI of the Constitution from Articles 330 to 342. ·         (SC, ST Backward classes) and Anglo Indians ·         Protecting from injustice & exploitation. ·         Aim – to promote – socio – economic interest. ·         ST, SC, BC – not defined by the constitution.   These

Rights and Liabilities of the Government Art 294-300 Part XII of the Constitution Property of the Union & states 1.     Succession – All the property assets (Dominion of British India + princely state) o    All rights, liabilities and obligations. o    Part of the Union its Rts liability obligation.   2.   Escheat, Lapse and Bona Vacantia

Public Services Public Services The public services (civil services or government services) in India are classified into three categories— 1.       All-India services 2.       Central services 3.       State services   All-India Services – only IAS, IPS, IFS (Indian Forest Services) Central Services – Central Engineering Service, Health Service, Information Service, Legal Service, Secretariat Service, Audit and

Official Language LANGUAGE OF THE UNION ·         Part XVII – Art (343 – 351) ·         Hindi- ‘Devanagari script’ ·         Numerals – Indian nomenclature. ·         English for 15 years but not by official language act 1965 can be used further.   Regional Language – Stated may adopt – any language or Hindi as official Lang. ·        

Co-operative Societies Intro 97th CAA, 2011 – gave a constitution status and protection to co-operative societies. 1.       Made if FRs under ( Article 19) 2.       New DPSP ( Art 43-B) 3.       Part IX-B in the Constitution which is entitled “The Co- operative Societies” (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT) Composition ·         Max – 21 directors – [1

National Disaster Management Authority Establishment ·         Gujarat earthquake-National Committee, 2001. ·         After the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004- Disaster Management Act 2005. ·         NDMA created under disaster management act – consist of chairperson and other members – Max nine. ·         PM – Ex officio chairperson. ·         Other members nominated by chairperson ·         NDMA is apex

National Investigation Agency Establishment ·         Constituted in 2009-NIA act, 2008. ·         It is the central counterterrorism and law-enforcement agency in the country. ·         Established in the backdrop of 2008 Mumbai terror attacks ·         The headquarter of NIA – Delhi. ·         Branch offices – Hyderabad, Guwahati, Mumbai, Lucknow, Kochi, Kolkata, Jammu and Raipur ·         In addition

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Democracy & Social Economic development needs Infrastructure. Infrastructure strengths expansion of bureaucracy Bureaucrats – Maximum power – harassment ·         Malpractice ·         Mall Adm. ·         Corruption- grievance (Inc.) to here it.   Different parts of the world to deal with the redressal of these grievances. Ombudsman System Scandinavian Model – Donald C. Rowat

Central Bureau of Investigation CBI ·         Was setup up 1963, by a resolution of Mo Home Affairs ·         Derives its powers from the Delhi Sp. Police Establishment Act 1946 ·         Also merged with CBI, 1941 (sp. Power) ·         Non-statutory body ·         Investing agency of control govt. ·         Plays an imp role in prevention of corruption

Central Vigilance Commission CVC ·         Established in 1964 by an exclusive resolution of Central govt. ·         Neither const. nor statutory body. ·         2004, Parl. enacted a law conferring statutory. ·         Consists of CVC ( chairperson) & not more than 2 vigilance commission ·         Appointed by President on the recommendation of Committee consist of – PM

State Information Commission Intro Central State Information Commissions + 10 Max state IC – by governor Committee – CM LOP State Cabinet Minister Further, same as, CIC in state increase (above) Powers And Functions 1.       It is duty of Commission to receive & inquire a complaint from any person. 2.       Commission can order inquiry into

Central Information Commission Intro ·         RTI Act, 2005 provided for creation of CIC at Centre and State level. ·         The Central Information Commission was established by the Central Government in 2005. ·         Not a Constitutional boy, Look the Complain + decide ·         CIC + max (10) I. Commission by POI recommended by committee (PM+ LOP

State Human Rights Commission Intro ·         Work in state- 25 states have enquiries violation against human Rights on state list (II) & concurrent List (III) of ·         7th Schedule cases for violation against SHRC do not but it transferred that in inquire. Composition Of The Commission ·         Chairperson + 2 member retired Chief Justice ·        

National Human Rights Commission National Human Rights Commission 1993, By act of Parl., namely Protection of Human Right Act Watchdog Of Human Rights The commission is the watchdog of human rights in the country, that is, the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in

NITI Aayog August -2014 Planning Commission [65-year-old] scrapped. 1 Jan, 2015 NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) Created by executive Resolution of GOI, hence neither a Constitutional body nor a statutory. NITI Aayog Policy Premium policy‘Think Tank’ of GOI: ·         Center-state one way policy ·         Command & Control ·         Think- Tank ·         Uses bottom

Advocate General of the State Art. 165  ·         Highest law officer in the state ·         Respond to Attorney General ·         Appointed by the governor qualified as J (HC)   Ø  Citizen of India Ø  Adv of HC-10 Years Ø  In Judicial office for 10 years. Ø  Term, Salary, Remuneration removal procedure-not fixed as, so by

Attorney General of India Art. 76 Highest law officer of the country there are solicitor & additional spoliator general to help him. Appointment And Term Ø  appointed by the president Ø  qualification same as Judge of SC Ø  Citizen of India/Judge of HC = 5 year/Adv. Of HC = 10 years/Eminent Jurist Can resign –

Comptroller and Auditor General of India Article 148 ·         CAG – Guardian of the public purse ·         Control as the entire finance system ·         Appointed by POB/Oath by POI/65 years/6 years/resign removed by POI – manner as a judge of the Supreme Court. Independence ·         Removal process = security of tenure ·         Salarly & all

Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities Constitutional Provisions ·         No original Provision ·         Recommended by state Re-organisation Commission ·         By 7th CA, 1956 – 350 (B) – XVII   This article contains the following provisions: Ø  Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities- by POI. Ø  To investigate all the matters relating to safeguard of linguistic minorities. Ø 

National Commission for BCs Establishment ·         In Mandal Commission Case – SC Directed the CG to constitute a permanent statutory body – to examine the complaints of under inclusion, over inclusion or non-inclusion of BC. ·         102nd AA, 2008 conferred constitutional status on the commission – inserted new Article 338B. Functions 1.       Investigate and monitor

National Commission for STs Article 338-A Constitutional body Separate Commission for ST ·         65th CAA, 1990 – established commission under article 338 of the Constitution – monitor all safeguards provided under constitution and law ·         Since geography and culturally SC are different from ST problems also different. ·         In 1999 – Ministry of tribal affairs

National Commission for SCs Constitutional Body Art 338- appoint special officer for sc & st to const. safeguards for the SCs and STs and to report to the President. In 1978 multi-member Commission 89th Constitutional Amendment Act Of 2003 Bifurcated; National Commission for SCs and National Commission for STs National Commission For SCs 2004 Chairperson

Goods and Services Tax Council Establishment of the Council ·         101st Amendment Act of 2016 – Introduction of a new tax regime – GST ·         Inserted new Article 279-A in the Constitution ·         Empowered Parliament to constitute a GST Council – Secretariat in New Delhi. ·         Union Revenue Secretary – ex-officio Secretary of Council Vision

Finance Commission Article -280 ·         Quasi-judicial body after in India ·         Instituted by President of India every fifth year or at earlier time as a required Finance Commission Composition Consist a chairman + 4 other members – Tenure by POI/ Reappointment eligible. Chairman experience in public affairs 1.       A judge of high court or one

State Public Service Commission SPSC Articles (i.e., 315 to 323 in Part XIV) Commissioner (chairman) + other Members by governor. No qualification except ½, 10 year government or state services. Chairman & member – 6 year term /62 years of age; by resignation acting chairman → when office is vacant unable to perform function Removal

Union Public Service Commission [Articles 315 to 323] Introduction ·         It is the central recruiting agency in India ·         Is an independent constitutional body – directly created by the Constitution. Composition UPSC – Chairman (by POI) + other member [No as decided by POI from time to time (9-11)] No qualification given except ½ of

Election Commission Election Commission Permanent and Independent body – Art. 324 -Power od superintendence, direction and control of elections: 1.       President of India and vice- president of India 2.       S.L. 3.       Parliament 4.       For panchayats & Municipalities – state Election Commission COMPOSITION –          Art. 324 – Election Commission = CEC + EC – as fixed

Scheduled and Tribal Areas Intro Article244inPartX Schedule 5 – Adm. & Control SC & St in any state Schedule 6– Only with Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. (4) ADMINISTRATION OF SCHEDULED AREAS Aboriginals, different, socially economical background, various features under, 5th schedule – greater responsibility (a)  POI, can declare alter or new order to scheduled

Union Territories Intro ·         Article 1 – India to consist of a.       territories of states b.       Union territories. c.        Territories that may be acquired by the government of India at any time ·         28 states, 8 union territories, no acquired territories Creation of UT ·         For the variety of reasons: a.       Political and administrative consideration-Delhi

Municipalities 1687-88 The first municipal corporation in India Madras. 1726 The municipal corporations were set up in Bombay and Calcutta. 1935 Local self-government was declared as a provincial subject Rajiv Gandhi (65th CA); VP singh failed by Narshima Rao by 74 CA, 1992. Central level – urban local government dealt with following three ministries: a.      

Panchayati Raj Introduction ·         Term Panchayati Raj – rural local self-governance ·         Constitutionalised through 73rd CAA, 1992 Evolution of Panchayati Raj 1.       Balwant Raj Mehta Committee ·         Recommended scheme for democratic decentralisation ·         Rajasthan was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj – 1959. ·         Followed by Andhra Pradesh-1959 2.       Ashok Mehta Committee ·         Recommended

Special Provisions for Some States Art.- 371 ·         Articles 371 to 371-J in Part XXI ·         Special provision for 12 states ·         Special provisions with respect to the state of Maharashtra, Gujarat. Art 371 A w.r.t the state of Nagaland 371 B w.r.t the state of Assam. 371 C w.r.t the state of Manipur 371D

Subordinate Courts Introduction As they are under subordination under the high court at district and lower levels. Constitutional Provisions Articles 233 to 237 in Part VI of the Constitution. 1.   Appointment of District Judges- The appointment of district judges, Posting, transfer, promotion with Consultation of HC by the governor. 2.   Appointment of other Judges- should

Tribunals Original Constitution No Tribunal 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (Tribunal) – Art 323 A – Administrative Tribunal Art 323 B – Dealing with other matters Added in Part XIV- to the Constitution. ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS Central govt. To establish one central Administrative tribunal and the state administrative tribunals. CAT Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) – 1985 Delhi

High Court [Articles 214 to 231] – Part VI Introduction Single Integrated Judicial System High Court below Supreme Court & above the subordinate courts. Top position in Judicial administration of a state. 1862→ Calcutta- Bombay – Madras, 1866 – Allahabad H.C 1950→ Existing H.C of province in British India came to own H.C. Art-214→ each

State Legislature Art → 168-212 No uniformity, bicameral legislature ORGANISATION OF STATE LEGISLATURE 2018→ 7 state, bicameral Legis. → AP, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir. 22→ state unicameral legislature. When Bicameral STATE LEGISLATURE (SL)→Governor + L.C. + LA→ Vidhan Sabha or Lower house upper house or Vidhan Parishad. Created or

State Council of Minister (COM) Article 163 COM headed by CM advice the Governor cannot be inquired in any court. Art 164 ·         CM – by governor advice COM. ·         Added with the 91st amendment act of 2003. Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the governor. ·         Minister was not a member of

Chief Minister Real Executive Head Appointed by Govt. on the basis of Rec. of Sarkaria Commission CM should not prove majority before appointed. 6 months for a person to get member of any house. Oath Governor – [other + office of secrecy] Term Not fixed, during pleasure of POI Governor dismiss only if he/she lack

Governor[Part- IV] Governor ·         Part IV – (153-167) Article. ·         Chief executive head of the state – nominal head – like President State Executive State executive consists of the governor, the chief minister, the council of ministers and the advocate general. Dual Role ·         Constitutional head of the state. ·         Representative of the Centre –

Public Interest Litigation   Public Interest Litigation Originated and developed in the USA in 1960. To provide legal representation to previously unrepresented groups and interest. Meaning of PIL ·         PIL is a product of the judicial activism role of the Supreme Court. It was introduced in 1980s. ·         PIL is a product of the judicial

Judicial Activism   Origin ·         Concept originated and developed in USA. ·         In 1947 by Arthur Schlesinger Jr., an American historian and educator. ·         In India, introduced in 1970s. By Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer, Justice P.N. Bhagwati, Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy and Justice D.A. Desai MEANING OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM   ·         Denotes the proactive role

Judicial Review   Introduction ·         The doctrine of judicial review originated and developed in the USA. ·         1803 case: Marbury v. Madison  by John Marshall, the then chief justice of the American ·         Supreme Court. ·         Indian constitution confers the power of judicial review upon the SC and HCs. ·         SC has declared JR to

  Supreme Court   Introduction ·         Indian Constitution has established an integrated (both Central & state law)  judicial system (GOI Act, 1935 had a similar system) ·         SC at the top: inaugurated 1950 ·         HLs below it ·         Hierarchy of subordinate courts; district courts and lower courts. ·         Articles 124-174, Part – V of the

Parliamentary Groups   Introduction ·         Autonomous body ·         All member of Parliament (present or former member) ·         Founded in 1949 ·         It is an international organisation of Parl. of sovereign states. ·         153 parliamentary of sovereign states of Internation organisation. Objectives ·         Promote contacts b/w mem. of POI. ·         Arrange seminar, discussion, orientation courses. ·        

Parliamentary Forums   Introduction ·         1st Parliamentary Forum was constituted in year 2005 on: Water Conservation and Management. ·         Subsequently 7 more forums were constituted. ·         At Present, there are 8 parliamentary Forums :- a.       Parliamentary Forum (P.F.) on water cons and Mgmt (2005) b.       PF on Youth (2006); c.        PF on children P.F. on

Parliamentary Committees Meaning ·         Parliamentary functions are complex, voluminous – no adequate time and expertise for detailed scrutiny of legislative measures. ·         Assisted by a number of committees in discharge of his duties. ·         The Constitution does not mention committees directly in specific provisions – mentioned throughout – matter is dealt by the rules of

Parliament   Introduction ·         Parliament is the legislative organ of the government of India. ·         Based on the British pattern – Westminster model of government. ·         Part V – Article 79-122 – deal with organisation, composition, duration,officers, producers, privileges, powers etc of the Parliament. Organisation [Art 79] ·         The Lok Sabha (House of the People,

Cabinet Committees Features of Cabinet Committee 1.       They are extra constitutional and emergence – not mentioned in Constitution – rules of business provide for establishment. 2.       Two types – standing and ad hoc –  Standing is temporary &ad hoc is permanent. 3.       Setup by the PM – according to the requirements of the situation-number, nomenclature,

Central Council of Minister Article 74 ·         There shall be a Council of Ministers with the PM at the head, advise the President, who shall in the exercise of his actions act accordingly. ·         POI can ask for reconsideration. ·         42nd and 44th CAA – advice binding on President – cannot be enquired by court.

Prime Minister   (Art 74-78) Prime Minister ·         De facto Executive. ·         President – De Jure Executive Art 75 ·       There shall be Prime Minister appointed by the president ·       POI appoint Prime Minister using conventions according to the parliament system ·       In 1980, the Delhi High Court→ Constitution does not require that a person must

Vice –President [Article – 63-71]   Vice President ·         Office is modelled – American Vice President ·         Second highest office after President of India. ·         elected by the members of an electoral college – UH, LH M ·         both elected and nominated members of the Parliament ·         the members of the state legislative (Not include)

President    Union Executive ·         The Union Executive consists of the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers and the Attorney General of India. ·         The President is the head of the State. ·         He is the first citizen of India – acts as the symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of

Emergency Provision Articles 352 to 360 →Part XVIII To meet abnormal situation to normal. During an Emergency →The Central government becomes all powerful and Covert Federal into unitary system. 3 Types – 1.       Art. 352 (National Emer) 2.       Art 360 (Financial Emer) 3.       Art 356 (State Emer/President’s Rule)   Article 352 – National Emergency  

  Inter – state Relations Introduction ·         Successful federal system depends on the harmonious Relations between the Centre & state and also between states – inter- states. ·         Constitution regarding to 4 inter-state comities. (a) INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES Article 262 → Adjudication of inter-state water disputes. → Parl. may provide Adjudication n on these and

Centre- State Relation Introduction ·         Federal– divides all powers (legislative, executive and financial) ·         No division in Judicial system – Integrated Judicial ·         Max harmony & coordination b/w them – for effective Centre state relation.   Legislative Relations Art 245- 255 – Part XI Territorial extent of Centre & state Legislature [Art 245]   ·        

Federal System Federal Govt ·         Dual Govt (i.e. national government and regional government) ·         Written Constitution ·         Division of powers b/w the national and regional govt. ·         Supremacy of the Constitution ·         Rigid Constitution ·         Independent judiciary ·         Bicameral legislature (upper House →Represent states & L. House → represent people of India as whole Non-Federal

Introduction – Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at State (Art. 163 & 164) and Centre (Article 74 & 75). Parl. Govt – Executive is responsible → to the legislature for its policies and acts Presidential system Not responsible to the legislature for its policies and act Cabinet Govt Parliamentary

Shankari Prasadh Case (1951) ·         First amendment act 1951 – Article 31A added (Right to property) ·         Right to property was challenged ·         SC: Power to amend the Constitution under Art 368 includes power to amend the FR ·         Art 13 “law” includes – only ordinary laws and not CAA ·         Parliament can abridge FR

Procedure for Amendment 1.       Amendment allows the constitution to adjust to society as it changes. 2.       Article 368 (Part XX) – Power of the Parliament to amend the constitution and procedure therefore. Ø  Parliament can add, change or repeat any provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure. Ø  SC in Keshvananda Bharti case

What are Fundamental Duties:- 1.       Rights and duties: Correlative, inseparable 2.       Original constitution: only rights, no duties for citizens. Ø  Duties of states: DPSP 3.       FDs added with the 42nd CA 1976. Ø  One more through the 86th CA 2002. (Right to Edu. Amendment) 4.       Inspired by USSR, where rights and duties were inseparable Ø 

Not Enforceable (36-51) – Part IV ·         From Irish Constitution (Spanish) ·         Non-Justiciable Directive Principles of State Policy: 1.       Sir BN Rao: Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly Ø  Recommended two categories for individual rights Ø  Justiciable and non- Justiciable. Ø  Justiciable: FR. Ø  Non- Justiciable: DPSPs. 2.       Part 4 (DPSPs) 3.       Article 36-51 4.      

Part-3 of Constitution “Magna Carta of India” Derived from the Constitution of USA [Bill of Rights] ·         Also “The Corner stone of the Constitution” & ·         Together with DPSP (Part -4), called “The Conscience of the Constitution”. ·         Guaranteed – uphold equality of all – target larger public interest ·         Aim – establishing – ‘a

​ Meaning of Citizenship India: 1.       Citizens 2.       Aliens a)       Friendly: subjects of those countries that have cordial relations with India b)       Enemy: subjects those countries which is at war with India ·         Citizens: members of the state, owe allegiance, enjoy rights, shoulder responsibilities ·         Aliens do not enjoy all rights: they are members of

DIADEMY IAS PRESENTS ANCIENT INDIA HISTORY NECRT, WHERE WE HAVE COVERED MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS BASED ON THE UPSC SYLLABUS. CHAPTER 4: THE STONE AGE FROM ANCIENT INDIA HISTORY NECRT Periodical Division of Indian Ancient History NCERT Palaeolithic Period: 2 million BC – 10,000 BC Mesolithic Period: 10,000 BC – 8000 BC Neolithic Period: 8000 BC

GEOGRAPHY NCERTs – CLASS 6TH, 7TH, 8TH INDEX Sn. No. Name of the Topic ( GEOGRAPHY NCERT) Page No. CLASS VI   The Earth in the Solar System 3 Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes 4 Motions of the Earth 5 Major Domains of the Earth 7 Major Landforms of the Earth 9 Our Country- India 10

ART & CULTURE NCERT  INDEX Chapter No. Name of the Topic Page No 1.  Pre- Historic Rock Paintings 2 2. Arts of the Indus Valley 4 3. Arts of the Mauryan period 6 4. Post Mauryan Trends in Indian Art and Architecture 8 5. Later Mural Traditions 17 6. Temple Architecture and Sculpture 20 7.

INDUSTRY Industrial Policies since independence- Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) of 1948- Mixed economy and socialist pattern Protection→ cottage and small-scale industries Industrial classification- four categories– Industries with exclusive central govt monopoly Mixed sector Controlled private sector Industries under private sector Industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951- The advent of ‘license raj’ Three major controls– Licensing,

CERTIFICATE PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY G.C. LEONG INDEX Sn. No. Name of the Topic Page No   Arid or Desert Landforms 2 Coastal Landforms 7 Island and Coral Reefs 12 Lakes 15 Landforms made by running water 17 Landforms of Glaciation 22 Limestone and Chalk Landform 27 The Earth and The Universe 28 The Earth’s

MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY CHP 1: INDIA & THE WORLD EUROPE(MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY) Roman empire broke into two by 6th century:  West, with capital at Rome, overwhelmed by Slav and Germanic tribesmen. (Roman empire). It followed Catholic Church. East, with capital at Constantinople, encompassed eastern Europe, Turkey, Syria and North Africa. (Byzantine Empire). The church of

  INDIAN ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, AND POTTERY Chapter 1 Architecture Derived from the Latin word ‘tekton’ which means the builder Refers to construction and designing of buildings Depends primarily on engineering and measurements a mixture of various types of materials Sculpture Derived from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root ‘kel’ which means ‘to cut or cleave Refers to smaller

Nitin Singhania CRUX: Art & Culture NITIN SINGHANIA’S ART& CULTURE STUDY MATERIAL: Sr no. Topics  PART A: VISUAL ARTS BY NITIN SINGHANIA 1. Indian Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery 2. Indian Paintings 3. Indian Handicrafts 4. UNESCO’s List of Tangible World Heritage Sites in India PART B: PERFORMING ARTS BY NITIN SINGHANIA 5. Indian Music 6.

S&T CRUX NOTES S&T CRUX NOTES MATERIAL: Sn.No. Name of the Topic Page No   Nanotechnology 2-4 Intro/ history Application Recent Biotechnology 5-9 Introduction Applications Types of Biotechnology Biotechnology  in India Defence Technology 10-24 DRDO Missile technology Indigenization of Technology Issues with DRDO Information and Communication Technology (ICT) 18-25 ICT- Introduction Use of ICT in

INDEX Chapter No. Name of the Topic Page No CLASS- VII 1.  Nutrition in Plants 3 2. Nutrition in Animals 5 4. Heat 8 5. Acids, Bases and Salts 9 6. Physical and Chemical Changes 10 10 Respiration in Organisms 11 11 Transportation in Animals and Plants 12 12 Reproduction in Plants 14 13 Motion

UPSC IAS Notes PDF – FREE DOWNLOAD (Note – file size is heavy so we suggest you to use laptop/desktop to download the files) CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD – PART 1 – REVISION NOTES (STATIC) CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD – PART 2 – REVISION NOTES (STATIC) CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD – CURRENT AFFAIRS (PART 1)

  Shankar Ias Environment: Serial No. PART-I ENVIRONMENT ECOLOGY Ecology Functions of an Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem  Aquatic Ecosystem Environment Pollution Renewable Energy Environmental Issues Environment Impact Assessment PART-II BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity Indian Biodiversity Schedule Animals of WPA, 1972 Animal Diversity of India Plant Diversity of India Marine organisms Protected Area Network Conservation Efforts PART-III CLIMATE CHANGE

  A. The Portuguese in India-1498: Spectrum Modern History  1. Quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route to India In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks Red Sea trade route was a state monopoly from which Islamic rulers earned tremendous revenues. Land routes to India were also controlled by the Arabs. Fifteenth-century-spirit of

CHAPTER 5 – “UNION AND IT’S TERRITORY“ Articles 1 to 4 •    Part 1 of the Constitution •    “Union and its Territory” Article 1 •      Name and Territory of the union •      India, that is, Bharat is a union of states •      States are dividing only for administrative convenience

CHAPTER 4 – “PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION“ The preamble of the Constitution  What is Preamble? •              An Introduction/Preface to the constitution. •              Holds the essence of the Constitution.   Our Preamble •              Based on the objectives Resolution •              Reveals that the constitution derives its authority from the People of India ( It starts from we

CHAPTER 3 – “SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION“ FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION 1. Lengthiest written Constitution Till 2016 it has a preamble, 46s Articles, 25 Parts & 12 Schedules Why is it so lengthy? •              It’s for a very vastness and diverse country. •              Single constitution for the whole country (except J & K) •             

CHAPTER 2 – “MAKING OF THE CONSTITUTION” DEMAND FOR  CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY •              In 1934 – MN Roy – 1st time put the Idea of Constituent Assembly. •              In 1935 – INC – demanded a CA to frame the const. of India. •              In 1938 – J.L Nehru on the behalf of INC declare. •              Finally,