GS 2 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

From 2013 to the 2019 Year General Studies / GS 2 Question Paper of UPSC Civil Services Examination are here for the aspirants. Have a Look into this.

Polity: Basics of Constitution

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Historical underpinnings & evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure; Comparison of Indian Constitutional scheme with other countries

 

2019

1. “Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power”. In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of Constitution can destroy the basic structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power.

 

2017

2. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgment of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.

 

2016

3. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the Preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances?

 

2015

4. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a Uniform Civil Code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

 

5. Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and judiciary to set things right in this regard.

 

6. Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitutions and Judgment(s) of the Apex court in this regard.

 

2014

7. What do you understand by the concept “Freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.

 

2013

8. Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, regarding its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.

 

Polity: The Executive

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Executive (structure, organization, functioning); Ministries and Departments (of Union and State Governments).

2019

1. “The Attorney-General is the chief legal advisor and the lawyer of Government of India.” Discuss.

 

2018

2. Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?

 

2014

3. Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse.

 

4. The size of the Cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the size of the Cabinet? Discuss.

Polity: Legislatures and Elections

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Union and State Legislatures (structure, functioning, the conduct of business, powers & privileges); Salient features of Representation of People’s Act.

2019

1. On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951? Also, mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification.
2. Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.

 

2018

3. Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for Parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee.

2017

4. ‘Simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people.’ Discuss.
5. To enhance the quality of democracy in India, the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful?
6. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof.

 

2016

7. The Indian Party system is passing through a phase of transition that looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes. Discuss.

 

2014

8. The ‘Powers, Privileges and immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in the Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codifications of the ‘Parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed?

 

2013

9. The role of Individual MPs has diminished over the years and as a result, healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?

 

Polity: Separation of Powers

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Separation of powers between different organs

2019

1. Do you think that the Constitution of India doesn’t accept the principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of checks and balances?

 

2018

2. How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.

 

2017

3. Critically examine the Supreme court’s judgment on the ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges in the higher judiciary in India.

 

2016

4. What was held in the Coelho Case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution?

 

2015

5. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the powers to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?

 

2014

6. Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure doctrine’, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.

 

2013

7. The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on the arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically.

 

Polity: Federalism and Local Governance

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Functions and responsibilities of Union and State governments; issues and challenges of federal structure; devolution of powers and finances to local levels; challenges therein.

2019

1. From the resolution of contentious issues regarding the distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of federal supremacy’ and ‘harmonious construction’ have emerged. Explain.
2. The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political processes.

 

2018

3. Whether the Supreme Court Judgment (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine.
4. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)

 

2017

5. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance.” Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.

 

2016

6. Discuss the essentials of the 69^th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of Indian federal politics?
7. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal not “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity.
8. Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss.

 

2015

9. The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings.
10. In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, ‘Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss.

 

2014

11. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss.

 

2013

12. Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the ‘Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.

 

13. Many State governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that more number of smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss.
14. Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss.

     Polity: Bodies

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional bodies; Statutory, Regulatory, and Quasi-judicial bodies.

2019

1. The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees now-a-days is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority. Explain.

 

2018

2. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?
3. Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine.
4. “The Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the methods and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise.
5. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss.
6. The multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections of the society leads to the problem of overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case.

 

2017

7. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.

 

2016

8. Exercise of CAG’s power in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government’s policy implementation could amount to overstepping of its own (CAG) jurisdiction.
9. What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples.

 

2015

10. What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss.
11. “For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous.” Discuss in the light of experiences in the recent past.

 

2014

12. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards.
13. The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate the fares will subject to cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for the obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experiences in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railway or the private container operators.

 

2013

14. Discuss the recommendations of the 13^th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous Commissions for strengthening the local government finances.
15. The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify.

 

Policies for Sectors, Services, and Welfare: Policies and Schemes

 GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Welfare schemes

2019

1. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process- Discuss.

 

2017

2. Does the Rights of Person with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure an effective mechanism for the empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss.

 

2014

3. Two parallel run schemes of Government viz. the Aadhar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, has led to debates at the national level and also litigations. On merit, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve the developmental benefits an equitable growth.
4. Do the government’s schemes for uplifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economics?

 

2013

5. The basis for Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment.
6. Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to minimize corruption, eliminate wastages and facilitate reforms. Comment.

GET GS 3 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Poverty and Hunger issues

 

2019

1. There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on non-food essential items squeezing their food budget. Elucidate.

 

2018

2. How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?

2017

3. Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement.
4. ‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain showpieces until and unless they are backed by political will.’ Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programs in India.

 

2015

5. Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate a reduction in poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with reference to urban and rural poverty indicators.

 

2013

6. The Central government frequently complains on the poor performance of the State governments in eradicating sufferings of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of the centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the causes of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate.

 

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Social Sector and Social Services (health, education and human resources)

 

2019

1. Despite Consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development

 

2018

2. Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieving ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain.

 

2017

3. To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’. Examine the statement in the context of WASH scheme.

 

2016

4. Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation.
5. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?
6. Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance?

 

2015

7. The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss.
8. Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest?

 

2014

9. An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory; victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state-sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement.
10. Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challenges.

 

2013

11. The concept of Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success.
12. Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health. Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.

 

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Government Policies & Interventions for the development of various sectors

 

2019

1. ‘In the context of the neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages.’ Discuss.

 

2018

2. “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation’ to the environment.” Comment with relevant illustrations.

 

2017

3. Explain the salient features of the constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove the cascading effect of taxes and provide for the common national market for goods and services’?

 

2016

4. Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the government do to be responsive to this important change?

 

2014

5. Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.

 

Governance: Accountability & e-Gov

 GS-2 Question PaperTopic- Important aspects of governance; Transparency and accountability; Citizens’ Charter; e-Governance.

2019

1. Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based Projects/ Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation.

 

2018

2. E-governance is not only about the utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about the critical importance of the ‘use-value’ of information. Explain.
3. The Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability, but it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness of the Citizens’ Charter.

 

2017

4. Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people.

 

2016

5. “Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are inter-dependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India.
6. In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India.

 

2015

7. In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability.
8. “If the amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate.

 

2013

9. Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze.
10. ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.

 

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Development Processes & Development industry; Pressure groups & formal and informal associations; role of Civil Services.

2019

1. What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the policy-makers in India and how effective are these methods?
2. The need for cooperation among various service sector has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In the light of the statements above, examine India’s development process.

 

2017

3. Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services? Comment.
4. ‘The emergence of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs.
5. How do pressure groups influence the Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years?

 

2016

6. “In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal.” Critically examine this statement.
7. “Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process of socio-economic development in India.” Comment.

 

2015

8. Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976.
9. The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programs. Elucidate.
10. How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints.

 

2014

11. The penetration of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programs is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine.
12. Has the Cadre based Civil Services Organisation been the cause of slow change in India? Critically examine.

 

2013

13. The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained success of the concept. Discuss.
14. Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India.

 

International Relations

 GS-2 Question Paper Topic- India and its neighborhood.

2017

1. ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.
2. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries.
3. Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’ economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South- East Asia in this context.

 

2016

4. “Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples.

 

2015

5. Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of the Indian Government to improve relationships with its neighbors. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss.
6. Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples.

2014

7. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China.

 

2013

8. The proposed withdrawal of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine-in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests.
9. What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this.
10. The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India?
11. Discuss the political developments in the Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India?
12. In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy.
13. What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss.

 

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Effect of Policies & Politics of Developed and Developing countries on India

2019

1. What can France learn from Indian Constitution’s approach towards to secularism?
2. ‘The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnerships that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole’. Comment.
3. What produces friction in the ties between India and US is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s national self-esteem and ambitions. Explain with suitable examples.

2018

4. India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based.
5. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.
6. A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018.

2016

7. Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario.

 

2015

8. The increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine.

 

2013

9. Economic ties between India and Japan while growing in recent years are still far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting this growth.

 

GS-2 Question Paper Topic- Important International institutions, agencies, for a (structure, mandate); Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & Agreements

 

2019

1. ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.
2. “The long sustained image of India as a leader of oppressed and marginalized Nations has disappeared on account of its newfound role in the emerging global order” Elucidate.

 

2018

3. In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to such a situation?
4. What are the key areas of reform if WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade war’, especially keeping in mind the interest or India?

 

2017

5. What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.

 

2016

6. “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective.
7. What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India’s position on these?

 

2015

8. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council.

 

2014

9. The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such agreements have on India’s interests?
10. Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context.
11. India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) .How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India.
12. WTO is an important international institution where decisions are taken to affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyze India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security.

 

2013

13. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.